Conclusion

After spending so much time on this project regarding different topics, it seems hard to sum everything up. Dealing with these previously not very familiar topics has been very interesting, and sometimes challenging, but it definitely rose interest to even dive deeper into the topping, both this of Gandhara and the mission museums.

Gandhara appeared as an extremely rich of culture ancient region which deserves much better recognition, and while of course in scholar circles it a popular topic of research, it often appears as overshadowed by its neighbours as India and East Asia, which are somehow more famous for their Buddhist past, at least in the West.

The Forum der Völker has been discovered as an extremely interesting museum containing thousands of various objects. While things have to be cought up on, as the colonial past of the museum and the somehow insufficient portray of objects from colonial backgrounds, but also of the Gandharan objects, the museum currently is closed, but perhaps it’s chances for improvement will be picked up on in the future, as there is a chance for missionary and colonial museums to continue to exist without supporting colonial power structures.

As the process of the project has been discussed before, I can lastly say that despite having difficulties in the beginning and starting late, I found it very enriching to work on this project, and while doing I definitely learned a lot supporting my projects in the future. As a result, this websites functions to keep the work up longer than the average term paper and therefore is a result which can be grasped by making all the work visible, which in the end definitely makes me proud.

Bibliography

Andrew Amstutz: A Pakistani Homeland for Buddhism: Displaying a National History for Pakistan beyond Islam, 1950-1969, in: South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 42, 2019, p. 237-255.

Andrew Zimmerman: Kolonialismus und ethnographische Sammlungen in Deutschland, in: Europäische Erinnerungsorte Band 3: Europa und die Welt, hrsg von: Pim den Boer, Heinz Duchhardt, Georg Kreis und Wolfgang Schmale, München 2012.

Ann Heirmann; Stephan Peter Bumbacher. The spread of Buddhism. 2007.

Arshad Awan: Remembering Pakistan’s Buddhist Past. T-Magazine, 2022. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2361090/remembering-pakistans-buddhist-past. Accessed 30 September 2023.

Bernd Musch-Borowska: Zerstörung von Kulturstätten. “Barbarischer Akt religiöser Intoleranz.” Deutschlandfunk Kultur, 2020. https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/zerstoerung-von-kulturstaetten-barbarischer-akt-religioeser-100.html. Accessed 27 September 2023.

Bernard Andrae. Alexander der Große und sein buddhistisches Erbe. in: Gandhara: das buddhistsiche Erbe Pakistans; Legenden, Klöster und Pradise, anlässlich der Ausstellung “Gandhara” - das Buddhistische Erbe Pakistans. “Legenden, Klöster und Paradiese”, Mainz 2008.

Christopher Beckmann: Eine neue Welt ging mir auf: Die Reise des Abgeordneten Ernst Majonica nach Ostasien 1955/56, in: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 15, 2008.

Directorate Of Archaeology & Museums. Govt. of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Peshawar. https://kparchaeology.gkp.pk/peshawar_museum.php. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Erick D. Langer: Expecting Pears from an Elm Tree. Franciscan Missions on the Chiriguano Frontier in the Heart of South America, 1830-1849, Duke University Press, Durham/London 2009.

Ernst Majonica: Das politische Tagebuch 1958-1972, in: Forschungen und Quellen zur Zeitgeschichte Band 55, hrsg. von: Günter Buchstab, Klaus Gotto, Hans Günter Hockerts, Hanns Jürgen Küsters, Rudolf Morsey und Hans-Peter Schwarz, bearbeitet von Hans-Otto Kleinmann und Christopher Beckmann, Droste Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 2011.

Franziskaner Mission Dortmund. https://www.franziskanermission.de/?q=node/2. Accessed 15 September 2023.

Gandhara. Das buddhistische Erbe Pakistans, Legenden, Klöster und Paradiese, anlässlich der Ausstellung “Gandhara” - das Buddhistische Erbe Pakistans. “Legenden, Klöster und Paradiese”, Mainz 2008.

Gandhara Gallery. https://indianmuseumkolkata.org/gallery/gandhara-gallery/. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Gudrun, Reinking: FORUM DER VÖLKER. Babylonien, Ägypten, Palästina, Ostasien, Papua-Neuguinea, Afrika, Nordamerika, Brasilien. Auswahlkatalog. hrsg. v. Forum der Völker, Werl 1989.

Himanshu Prabha Ray (Editor): Buddhism and Gandara. An Archaeology of Museum Collections, 2019 (Archaeology and Religion in South Asia, Band 3).

Jens-Uwe Hartmann: Buddha’s Forgotten Country. The history of Buddhism in Afghanistan. in: Fikrun wa Fann. Art & Thought 78, München 2004, p. 34-37.

Jessie Pons. Gandharan art(s): methodologies and preliminary results of a stylistic analysis. in: The Geography of Gandharan Art. Oxford 2019.

Karl Balthasar: Franziskanerkloster und Missionsmuseum zu Dorsten i. W., Druckerei des Provinzialates Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 1921.

Kurt A. Behrendt: The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Michael Falser. The Graeco-Buddhist style of Gandhara - a “Storia idelogica”, or: how a discourse makes a global history of art. in: Journal of Art Historiography 13, 2015. p. 1-52.

Michael Hollenbach: “Dekolonisierung- Mission im Museum.” Deutschlandfunk, 2021.https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/dekolonisierung-mission-im-museum-100.html. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Lahore Museum. https://lahoremuseum.punjab.gov.pk/taxonomy/term/10. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Lin Xiaoyi: “Largest Gandhara art exhibition unveiled at Palace Museum, showcasing long history of China-Pakistan exchanges along Silk Road”. Global Times, 2023. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202303/1287410.shtml. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Museum für Asiatische Kunst. Staatliche Museen Berlin. https://smb.museum-digital.de/institution/3. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Imtiaz Ahmad: “Pakistan elections: Non-Muslim voters up by 30%, Hindus biggest minority.” Hindustan Times, 2018. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-elections-non-muslim-voters-up-by-30-hindus-biggest-minority/story-gRmBeL4TaBBgY6ZTURRA7M.html. Accessed 07 November 2023.

Regina Wonisch: Reflexion kolonialer Vergangenheit in der musealen Gegenwart? Kuratorische Herausforderungen an der Schnittstelle von ethnologischen Museen und Kunst, 2. überarb. Aufl, in: ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-55097-1. Stuttgart 2018.

“Stehender Bodhisattva”. Staatliche Museen Berlin- Museum für Asiatische Kunst. https://smb.museum-digital.de/object/63451. Accessed 14 September 2023.

Taliban plündern buddhistische Schätze. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 2021.https://m.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/taliban-pluendern-buddhistische-kulturschaetze-im-bamiyan-tal-17536179.html. Accessed 27 September 2023.

The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan. https://www.pakistanhc.lk/?p=6800. Accessed 30 September 2023.

Thomas E. Balke. Eine Fāra-zeitliche Urkunde aus dem Völkeekundemuseum in Werl. in: Altorientalische Forschungen 41. 2014. p. 10-14.